воскресенье, 20 октября 2019 г.
понедельник, 22 июля 2019 г.
понедельник, 25 июня 2018 г.
среда, 28 февраля 2018 г.
Как отвечать на работе если не знаете ответа на вопрос
Not knowing the answers
- I don’t know, but I’ll find out.
- I don’t know, off the top of my head, but I’ll check.
- I’m not a 100% sure, let me get back to you.
суббота, 27 января 2018 г.
Space / Location / Place
Position / Location Phrases
- in the middle
/ɪn ðə ˈmɪdəl/
- to the left
/tə ðə lɛft
- to the right
/tə ðə raɪt/
- in front of
/ɪn frʌnt əv/
- on this side
/ɑn ðɪs saɪd/
- in the distance
/ɪn ðə ˈdɪstəns/
- here and there
/hɪr ən ðɛr/
- in the foreground
/ɪn ðə ˈfɔrˌɡraʊnd/
- in the background
/ɪn ðə ˈbækˌɡraʊnd/
- in the center of
/ɪn ðə ˈsɛntɚ əv/
Prepositional / Spatial Relations
- adjacent to
/əˈdʒeɪsənt tə/
- opposite to
/ˈɑpəzɪt tə/
Direction Words
- here
/hɪr/
- there
/ðɛr/
- next
/nɛkst/
- where
/wɛr/
- from
/frəm/
- over
/ˈoʊvɚ/
- near
/nɪr/
- above
/əˈbʌv/
- below
/bɪˈloʊ/
- down
/daʊn/
- up
/ʌp/
- under
/ˈʌndɚ/
- further
/ˈfɝðɚ/
- beyond
/bɪˈjɑnd/
- nearby
/ˈnɪrˌbaɪ/
Range / Distribution
- wherever
/wɛrˈɛvɚ/
- around
/əˈraʊnd/
- between
/bɪˈtwin/
- before
/bɪˈfɔr/
- alongside
/əˈlɔŋˌsaɪd/
Formal / Descriptive Location
- amid
/əˈmɪd/
- among
/əˈmʌŋ/
- beneath
/bɪˈniθ/
- beside
/bɪˈsaɪd/
- behind
/bɪˈhaɪnd/
- across
/əˈkrɔs/
воскресенье, 21 января 2018 г.
Time / Chronology / Sequence
Time Reference / Frequency
- at the present time
/æt ðə ˈprɛzənt taɪm/
- from time to time
/frəm taɪm tə taɪm/
- sooner or later
/ˈsunɚ ɔr ˈleɪtɚ/
- at the same time
/æt ðə seɪm taɪm/
- up to the present time
/ʌp tə ðə ˈprɛzənt taɪm/
Sequence / Order
- to begin with
/tə bɪˈɡɪn wɪð/
- in due time
/ɪn du taɪm/
- as soon as
/æz sun æz/
- as long as
/æz lɔŋ æz/
- in the meantime
/ɪn ðə ˈminˌtaɪm/
- in a moment
/ɪn ə ˈmoʊmənt/
- without delay
/wɪˈðaʊt dɪˈleɪ/
Emphasis / Framing
- in the first place
/ɪn ðə fɝst pleɪs/
- all of a sudden
/ɔl əv ə ˈsʌdən/
- at this instant
/æt ðɪs ˈɪnstənt/
- first, second
/fɝst, ˈsɛkənd/
Speed / Immediacy
- immediately
/ɪˈmidiətli/
- quickly
/ˈkwɪkli/
- finally
/ˈfaɪnəli/
Simple Time Markers
- after
/ˈæftɚ/
- later
/ˈleɪtɚ/
- last
/læst/
- until
/ənˈtɪl/
- till
/tɪl/
- since
/sɪns/
- then
/ðɛn/
- before
/bɪˈfɔr/
- hence
/hɛns/
- when
/wɛn/
- once
/wʌns/
- about
/əˈbaʊt/
- next
/nɛkst/
- now
/naʊ/
- formerly
/ˈfɔrmɚli/
- suddenly
/ˈsʌdənli/
- shortly
/ˈʃɔrtli/
- henceforth
/ˈhɛnsˌfɔrθ/
Repetition / Duration
- whenever
/wɛnˈɛvɚ/
- eventually
/ɪˈvɛntʃuəli/
- meanwhile
/ˈminˌwaɪl/
- further
/ˈfɝðɚ/
- during
/ˈdʊrɪŋ/
- in time
/ɪn taɪm/
- prior to
/ˈpraɪɚ tə/
Formal / Immediate Action
- forthwith
/ˈfɔrθˌwɪð/
- straightaway
/ˈstreɪt̬əˌweɪ/
- by the time
/baɪ ðə taɪm/
Present / Recent Time
- until now
/ənˈtɪl naʊ/
- now that
/naʊ ðæt/
- instantly
/ˈɪnstəntli/
- presently
/ˈprɛzəntli/
- occasionally
/əˈkeɪʒənəli/
суббота, 20 января 2018 г.
Conclusion / Summary / Restatement
General Observation / Evaluation
- as can be seen
/æz kən bi sin/
- generally speaking
/ˈdʒɛnɚəli ˈspikɪŋ/
- in the final analysis
/ɪn ðə ˈfaɪnəl əˈnæləsɪs/
- all things considered
/ɔl θɪŋz kənˈsɪdɚd/
- as shown above
/æz ʃoʊn əˈbʌv/
- in the long run
/ɪn ðə lɔŋ rʌn/
- given these points
/ˈɡɪvən ðiz pɔɪnts/
- as has been noted
/æz hæz bɪn ˈnoʊtɪd/
- in a word
/ɪn ə wɝd/
- for the most part
/fɚ ðə moʊst pɑrt/
Emphasis / Reframing
- after all
/ˈæftɚ ɔl/
- in fact
/ɪn fækt/
Summarizing / Concluding
- in summary
/ɪn ˈsʌməri/
- in conclusion
/ɪn kənˈkluʒən/
- in short
/ɪn ʃɔrt/
- in brief
/ɪn brif/
- in essence
/ɪn ˈɛsəns/
- to summarize
/tə ˈsʌməˌraɪz/
- on balance
/ɑn ˈbæləns/
Overall Scope / Degree
- altogether
/ˌɔltəˈɡɛðɚ/
- overall
/ˌoʊvɚˈɔl/
- ordinarily
/ˌɔrdəˈnɛrəli/
- usually
/ˈjuʒuəli/
- by and large
/baɪ ən lɑrdʒ/
Final Wrap-Up / Perspective
- to sum up
/tə sʌm ʌp/
- on the whole
/ɑn ðə hoʊl/
- in any event
/ɪn ˈɛni ɪˌvɛnt/
- in either case
/ɪn ˈiðɚ keɪs/
- all in all
/ɔl ɪn ɔl/
Stance / Certainty
- obviously
/ˈɑbviəsli/
- ultimately
/ˈʌltɪmətli/
- definitely
/ˈdɛfənətli/
Используйте в речи редуцирование слов:
to - /tə/
for - /fɚ/
and - /ən/
Выделяйте тоном ключевое слово (существительное или глагол).
Для заключений используйте падающую интонацию.
воскресенье, 14 января 2018 г.
Effect / Consequence / Result
Cause - Result / Logical Consequence
- as a result
/æz ə rɪˈzʌlt/
- under those circumstances
/ˈʌndɚ ðoʊz ˈsɝkəmˌstænsɪz/
- in that case
/ɪn ðæt keɪs/
- for this reason
/fɚ ðɪs ˈrizən/
- in effect
/ɪn ɪˈfɛkt/
Simple Connectors (Highly Reduced in Speech)
- for
/fɚ/ (stressed: /fɔr/)
- thus
/ðʌs/
- because the
/bɪˈkʌz ðə/
- then
/ðɛn/
- hence
/hɛns/
Formal / Academic Transitions
- consequently
/ˈkɑnsəˌkwɛntli/
- therefore
/ˈðɛrˌfɔr/
- thereupon
/ˌðɛr.əˈpɑn/
- forthwith
/ˈfɔrθˌwɪð/
- accordingly
/əˈkɔrdɪŋli/
- henceforth
/ˈhɛnsˌfɔrθ/
В разговорной речи используйте:
- so, then, because
В презентациях, в письме используйте:
- therefore, accordingly, consequently
суббота, 13 января 2018 г.
Examples / Support / Emphasis
В фонетической транскрипции используется обычная для речи редукция, например:
to - /tə/
of - /əv/
Reformulation / Clarification
- in other words
/ɪn ˈʌðɚ wɝdz/
- to put it differently
/tə pʊt ɪt ˈdɪfɚəntli/
- for one thing
/fɔr wʌn θɪŋ/
- as an illustration
/æz ən ˌɪləˈstreɪʃən/
- in this case
/ɪn ðɪs keɪs/
- for this reason
/fɔr ðɪs ˈrizən/
- to put it another way
/tə pʊt ɪt əˈnʌðɚ weɪ/
- that is to say
/ðæt ɪz tə seɪ/
- with attention to
/wɪð əˈtɛnʃən tə/
- by all means
/baɪ ɔl minz/
Emphasis / Importance
- important to realize
/ɪmˈpɔrtənt tə ˈrilaɪz/
- another key point
/əˈnʌðɚ ki pɔɪnt/
- first thing to remember
/fɝst θɪŋ tə rɪˈmɛmbɚ/
- most compelling evidence
/moʊst kəmˈpɛlɪŋ ˈɛvɪdəns/
- must be remembered
/mʌst bi rɪˈmɛmbɚd/
- point often overlooked
/pɔɪnt ˈɔfən ˌoʊvɚˈlʊkt/
- to point out
/tə pɔɪnt aʊt/
Contrast / Framing
- on the positive side
/ɑn ðə ˈpɑzətɪv saɪd/
- on the negative side
/ɑn ðə ˈnɛɡətɪv saɪd/
- with this in mind
/wɪð ðɪs ɪn maɪnd/
Focus / Scope
- notably
/ˈnoʊtəbli/
- including
/ɪnˈkludɪŋ/
- like
/laɪk/
- to be sure
/tə bi ʃʊr/
- namely
/ˈneɪmli/
- chiefly
/ˈtʃifli/
Stance / Certainty
- truly
/ˈtruli/
- indeed
/ɪnˈdid/
- certainly
/ˈsɝtənli/
- surely
/ˈʃʊrli/
- markedly
/ˈmɑrkɪdli/
- such as
/sʌtʃ æz/
Precision / Manner
- especially
/ɪˈspɛʃəli/
- explicitly
/ɪkˈsplɪsɪtli/
- specifically
/spəˈsɪfɪkli/
- expressly
/ɪkˈsprɛsli/
- surprisingly
/sɚˈpraɪzɪŋli/
Frequency / Degree
- frequently
/ˈfrikwəntli/
- significantly
/sɪɡˈnɪfɪkəntli/
- particularly
/pɚˈtɪkjəlɚli/
Generalization / Detail
- in fact
/ɪn fækt/
- in general
/ɪn ˈdʒɛnɚəl/
- in particular
/ɪn pɚˈtɪkjəlɚ/
- in detail
/ɪn ˈdiˌteɪl/
Examples / Support
- for example
/fɔr ɪɡˈzæmpəl/
- for instance
/fɔr ˈɪnstəns/
Discourse Functions
- to demonstrate
/tə ˈdɛmənˌstreɪt/
- to emphasize
/tə ˈɛmfəˌsaɪz/
- to repeat
/tə rɪˈpit/
- to clarify
/tə ˈklærəˌfaɪ/
- to explain
/tə ɪkˈspleɪn/
- to enumerate
/tə ɪˈnumɚˌeɪt/
Cause / Condition / Purpose
- in the event that
/ɪn ði ɪˈvɛnt ðæt/
- granted (that)
/ˈɡrænɪd (ðæt)/
- as / so long as
/æz/ or /soʊ lɔŋ æz/
- on (the) condition (that)
/ɑn (ðə) kənˈdɪʃən (ðæt)/
- for the purpose of
/fɚ ðə ˈpɝpəs əv/
- with this intention
/wɪð ðɪs ɪnˈtɛnʃən/
- with this in mind
/wɪð ðɪs ɪn maɪnd/
- in the hope that
/ɪn ðə hoʊp ðæt/
- to the end that
/tə ði ɛnd ðæt/
- for fear that
/fɚ fɪr ðæt/
- in order to
/ɪn ˈɔrdɚ tə/
- seeing / being that
/ˈsiɪŋ ðæt/ or /ˈbiɪŋ ðæt/
- in view of
/ɪn vju əv/
- if
/ɪf/
- … then
/ðɛn/
- unless
/ənˈlɛs/
- when
/wɛn/
- whenever
/wɛnˈɛvɚ/
- while
/waɪl/
- because of
/bɪˈkʌz əv/
- as
/æz/ or weak /əz/
- since
/sɪns/
- while (cause/contrast)
/waɪl/
- lest
/lɛst/
- in case
/ɪn keɪs/
- provided that
/prəˈvaɪdɪd ðæt/
- given that
/ˈɡɪvən ðæt/
- only / even if
/ˈoʊnli ɪf/
/ˈivən ɪf/
- so that
/soʊ ðæt/
- so as to
/soʊ æz tə/
- owing to
/ˈoʊɪŋ tu/
- due to
/du tu/
воскресенье, 7 января 2018 г.
Opposition / Limitation / Contradiction
Concession & Contrast Phrases
- although this may be true
/ɔlˈðoʊ ðɪs meɪ bi tru/
- in contrast
/ɪn ˈkɑntræst/
- different from
/ˈdɪfrənt frəm/
- of course, but
/əv kɔrs, bət/
- on the other hand
/ɑn ði ˈʌðər hænd/
- on the contrary
/ɑn ðə ˈkɑntrɛri/
- at the same time
/æt ðə seɪm taɪm/
- in spite of
/ɪn spaɪt əv/
- even so
/ˈivən soʊ/
- even though
/ˈivən ðoʊ/
- be that as it may
/bi ðæt æz ɪt meɪ/
- then again
/ðɛn əˈɡɛn/ or /ðɛn əˈɡeɪn/
- above all
/əˈbʌv ɔl/
- in reality
/ɪn riˈæləɾi/
- after all
/ˈæftər ɔl/
________________________________________
Single-Word or Short Contrast Markers
- but
/bət/ (strong: /bʌt/)
- (and) still
/(ænd) stɪl/ - often: /(ən) stɪl/
- unlike
/ʌnˈlaɪk/
or
/ɔr/ - weak: /ər/
- (and) yet
/(ænd) jɛt/ - often: /(ən) jɛt/
- while (meaning "whereas")
/waɪl/
- albeit
/ɔlˈbit/ or /ælˈbit/ (both heard in AmE)
- besides
/bɪˈsaɪdz/
- as much as
/æz mʌtʃ æz/ - often: /əz mʌtʃ əz/
- although
/ɔlˈðoʊ/
- instead
/ɪnˈstɛd/
- whereas
/wɛrˈæz/ or /wɛrˈæʒ/
- despite
/dɪˈspaɪt/
- conversely
/kənˈvɝsli/
- otherwise
/ˈʌðərwaɪz/
- however
/haʊˈɛvər/
- rather
/ˈræðər/
- nevertheless
/ˌnɛvərðəˈlɛs/
- nonetheless
/ˌnʌnðəˈlɛs/
- regardless
/rɪˈɡɑrdləs/
- notwithstanding
/ˌnɑtwɪθˈstændɪŋ/
________________________________________
Reduction Notes (Very Important for Fluency)
Common weak forms in these transitions:
of - /əv/
to - /tə/
and - /ən/
as - /əz/
or - /ər/ (before consonants)
as much as - /əz mʌtʃ əz/
in spite of - /ɪn spaɪt əv/
Contrast transitions usually carry strong sentence stress and are followed by a pause:
However, /haʊˈɛvər/ -> falling tone
On the other hand, /ɑn ði ˈʌðər hænd/ -> rising -> falling
суббота, 6 января 2018 г.
Agreement / Addition / Similarity
Multi-word Transitions & Phrases
- in the first place
/ɪn ðə fɝst pleɪs/
- not only … but also
/nɑt ˈoʊnli … bət ˈɔlsoʊ/
- as a matter of fact
/æz ə ˈmæɾər əv fækt/
- in like manner
/ɪn laɪk ˈmænər/
- in addition
/ɪn əˈdɪʃən/
- coupled with
/ˈkʌpəld wɪθ/
- in the same fashion
/ɪn ðə seɪm ˈfæʃən/
- in the same way
/ɪn ðə seɪm weɪ/
- in the light of
/ɪn ðə laɪt əv/
- not to mention
/nɑt tə ˈmɛnʃən/
- to say nothing of
/tə seɪ ˈnʌθɪŋ əv/
- equally important
/ˈikwəli ɪmˈpɔrtənt/
- by the same token
/baɪ ðə seɪm ˈtoʊkən/
- as well as
/æz wɛl æz/ - often reduced: /əz wɛl əz/
- together with
/təˈɡɛðər wɪθ/
- of course
/əv kɔrs/
________________________________________
Sequencing Words
- first
/fɝst/
- second
/ˈsɛkənd/
- third
/θɝd/
- again
/əˈɡɛn/ or /əˈɡeɪn/ (both common in AmE)
- then
/ðɛn/
________________________________________
Single-Word Additive / Comparative Transitions
- and
/ænd/ - weak form: /ən/
- also
/ˈɔlsoʊ/
- equally
/ˈikwəli/
- identically
/aɪˈdɛntɪkli/
- uniquely
/juˈnikli/
- like
/laɪk/
- as
/æz/ - weak: /əz/
- too
/tu/
- moreover
/mɔrˈoʊvər/
- likewise
/ˈlaɪkwaɪz/
- comparatively
/kəmˈpærətɪvli/
- correspondingly
/ˌkɔrəˈspɑndɪŋli/
- similarly
/ˈsɪmələrli/ or /ˈsɪmɪlərli/
- furthermore
/ˈfɝðərˌmɔr/
- additionally
/əˈdɪʃənəli/
________________________________________
Very Common Reduced Forms (Important for Fluency)
- to
/tu/ - weak form: /tə/
- of
/ʌv/ - weak form: /əv/
- and
/ænd/ - /ən/
- as
/æz/ - /əz/
Эти сокращения необходимы для естественного американского ритма.
В большинстве переходных фраз акцент делается на главном составляющем слова:
in adDItion
furtherMORE
moreOver
FIRST, SECond, THIRD
Звук /ə/ (шва ) есть почти в каждой фразе при естественном темпе и ритме американской речи.
Слова of, to, a, the, -er, -en почти всегда приобретают звук /ə/:
matter of - /əv/
in the same - /ðə/
понедельник, 7 марта 2016 г.
Как предлагать
Making suggestions
- How about doing…
- I think we should
- Why don’t we do
- Maybe we could do
- Perhaps we could do
- I suggest doing…
- I suggest that we do
- My suggestion would be
- One option would be…
- Another alternative is to…
Как перебивать собеседника
Interrupting
- Sorry to interrupt, but I feel that…
- Could I make a point here?
- Can I just say something about that?
- May I have a word?
- Hold on, please
- Hold on, can I just finish the point?
воскресенье, 6 марта 2016 г.
Как выразить несогласие
Disagreeing
- I see what you mean, but…
- I think you might be wrong here
- I’m afraid I can’t agree with you there
- With respect, I don’t agree with you
- I see your point, but…
- I totally disagree, I’m afraid
Как попросить пояснить или повторить сказанное
Asking for repetition and clarification
- I didn’t catch that. Could you repeat that, please?
- I missed that. Could you repeat that, please?
- Could you run through that one more time?
- I don’t quite follow you.
- What exactly do you mean?
- I don’t see what you mean.
- Are you saying we need to… ?
- What I mean is ...
- To clarify,
суббота, 5 марта 2016 г.
Как выразить согласие, одобрение
Agreeing
- Absolutely
- Exactly
- I think so too
- You are completely right
(more natural: you’re /jʊr/ → /jʊr kəmˈplitli raɪt/)
- I completely agree
- I fully agree
- I couldn’t agree more
- That’s the way I feel
- That’s exactly the way I feel
- I can agree with that up to a point
- I share your point of view
Как выразить согласие или несогласие
Accepting or rejecting ideas
- I think it’s a good idea
- I think it’s a brilliant idea
- That sounds good to me
- I get your point
- It makes some sense
- I don’t think it’s a good idea
- I do not think that would be possible
четверг, 3 марта 2016 г.
Как высказать свое мнение
Giving opinions
- I’m sure that
- I think
- I don’t think
- I tend to think that
- In my opinion
- To my mind
- I believe
- I suppose
- It seems to me
среда, 2 марта 2016 г.
Как спросить о мнении собеседника
Asking for opinion
- What do you think about that?
- How do you feel about this?
- What’s your opinion?
- What’s your view