Как отвечать на работе если не знаете ответа на вопрос

Not knowing the answers

---

I don’t know

Лучше ответить например, одной из следующих фраз:

• I don’t know, but I’ll find out.

/ aɪ doʊnt noʊ | bət aɪl faɪnd aʊt /

• I don’t know, off the top of my head, but I’ll check.

/ aɪ doʊnt noʊ | ɔf ðə tɑp əv maɪ hɛd | bət aɪl tʃɛk /

• I’m not a 100% sure, let me get back to you.

/ aɪm nɑt wʌn ˈhʌndrəd pərˈsɛnt ʃʊr | lɛt mi ɡɛt bæk tə ju /

David Bowie- Space Oddity Original Video (1969)

[Instrumental intro]

[Verse 1]
Ground Control to Major Tom
Ground Control to Major Tom
Take your protein pills
And put your helmet on
(10) Ground Control (9) to Major Tom (8)
(7, 6) Commencing (5) countdown
Engines on (4, 3, 2)
Check ignition (1)
And may God's love (Liftoff) be with you

[Instrumental Bridge]

[Verse 2]
This is Ground Control to Major Tom
You've really made the grade
And the papers want to know whose shirt you wear
Now it's time to leave the capsule if you dare
This is Major Tom to Ground Control
I'm stepping through the door
And I'm floating in a most peculiar way
And the stars look very different today

[Chorus]
For here am I sitting in a tin can
Far above the world
Planet Earth is blue
And there's nothing I can do


[Verse 3]
Though I'm past one hundred thousand miles
I'm feeling very still
And I think my spaceship knows which way to go
Tell my wife I love her very much
She knows
Ground Control to Major Tom
Your circuit's dead, there's something wrong
Can you hear me, Major Tom?
Can you hear me, Major Tom?
Can you hear me, Major Tom?
Can you....

[Chorus]
Here am I floating 'round my tin can
Far above the Moon
Planet Earth is blue
And there's nothing I can do

[Instrumental outro]

Space / Location / Place

 Position / Location Phrases

• in the middle

/ɪn ðə ˈmɪdəl/

• to the left

/tə ðə lɛft

• to the right

/tə ðə raɪt/

• in front of

/ɪn frʌnt əv/

• on this side

/ɑn ðɪs saɪd/

• in the distance

/ɪn ðə ˈdɪstəns/

• here and there

/hɪr ən ðɛr/

• in the foreground

/ɪn ðə ˈfɔrˌɡraʊnd/

• in the background

/ɪn ðə ˈbækˌɡraʊnd/

• in the center of

/ɪn ðə ˈsɛntɚ əv/

---

Prepositional / Spatial Relations

• adjacent to

/əˈdʒeɪsənt tə/

• opposite to

/ˈɑpəzɪt tə/

---

Direction Words

• here

/hɪr/

• there

/ðɛr/

• next

/nɛkst/

• where

/wɛr/

• from

/frəm/

• over

/ˈoʊvɚ/

• near

/nɪr/

• above

/əˈbʌv/

• below

/bɪˈloʊ/

• down

/daʊn/

• up

/ʌp/

• under

/ˈʌndɚ/

• further

/ˈfɝðɚ/

• beyond

/bɪˈjɑnd/

• nearby

/ˈnɪrˌbaɪ/

---

Range / Distribution

• wherever

/wɛrˈɛvɚ/

• around

/əˈraʊnd/

• between

/bɪˈtwin/

• before

/bɪˈfɔr/

• alongside

/əˈlɔŋˌsaɪd/

---

Formal / Descriptive Location

• amid

/əˈmɪd/

• among

/əˈmʌŋ/

• beneath

/bɪˈniθ/

• beside

/bɪˈsaɪd/

• behind

/bɪˈhaɪnd/

• across

/əˈkrɔs/

Time / Chronology / Sequence

Time Reference / Frequency

• at the present time

/æt ðə ˈprɛzənt taɪm/

• from time to time

/frəm taɪm tə taɪm/

• sooner or later

/ˈsunɚ ɔr ˈleɪtɚ/

• at the same time

/æt ðə seɪm taɪm/

• up to the present time

/ʌp tə ðə ˈprɛzənt taɪm/

---

Sequence / Order

• to begin with

/tə bɪˈɡɪn wɪð/

• in due time

/ɪn du taɪm/

• as soon as

/æz sun æz/

• as long as

/æz lɔŋ æz/

• in the meantime

/ɪn ðə ˈminˌtaɪm/

• in a moment

/ɪn ə ˈmoʊmənt/

• without delay

/wɪˈðaʊt dɪˈleɪ/

---

Emphasis / Framing

• in the first place

/ɪn ðə fɝst pleɪs/

• all of a sudden

/ɔl əv ə ˈsʌdən/

• at this instant

/æt ðɪs ˈɪnstənt/

• first, second

/fɝst, ˈsɛkənd/

---

Speed / Immediacy

• immediately

/ɪˈmidiətli/

• quickly

/ˈkwɪkli/

• finally

/ˈfaɪnəli/

---

Simple Time Markers

• after

/ˈæftɚ/

• later

/ˈleɪtɚ/

• last

/læst/

• until

/ənˈtɪl/

• till

/tɪl/

• since

/sɪns/

• then

/ðɛn/

• before

/bɪˈfɔr/

• hence

/hɛns/

• when

/wɛn/

• once

/wʌns/

• about

/əˈbaʊt/

• next

/nɛkst/

• now

/naʊ/

• formerly

/ˈfɔrmɚli/

• suddenly

/ˈsʌdənli/

• shortly

/ˈʃɔrtli/

• henceforth

/ˈhɛnsˌfɔrθ/

---

Repetition / Duration

• whenever

/wɛnˈɛvɚ/

• eventually

/ɪˈvɛntʃuəli/

• meanwhile

/ˈminˌwaɪl/

• further

/ˈfɝðɚ/

• during

/ˈdʊrɪŋ/

• in time

/ɪn taɪm/

• prior to

/ˈpraɪɚ tə/

---

Formal / Immediate Action

• forthwith

/ˈfɔrθˌwɪð/

• straightaway

/ˈstreɪt̬əˌweɪ/

• by the time

/baɪ ðə taɪm/

---

Present / Recent Time

• until now

/ənˈtɪl naʊ/

• now that

/naʊ ðæt/

• instantly

/ˈɪnstəntli/

• presently

/ˈprɛzəntli/

• occasionally

/əˈkeɪʒənəli/

Conclusion / Summary / Restatement

 General Observation / Evaluation

• as can be seen

/æz kən bi sin/

• generally speaking

/ˈdʒɛnɚəli ˈspikɪŋ/

• in the final analysis

/ɪn ðə ˈfaɪnəl əˈnæləsɪs/

• all things considered

/ɔl θɪŋz kənˈsɪdɚd/

• as shown above

/æz ʃoʊn əˈbʌv/

• in the long run

/ɪn ðə lɔŋ rʌn/

• given these points

/ˈɡɪvən ðiz pɔɪnts/

• as has been noted

/æz hæz bɪn ˈnoʊtɪd/

• in a word

/ɪn ə wɝd/

• for the most part

/fɚ ðə moʊst pɑrt/

---

Emphasis / Reframing

• after all

/ˈæftɚ ɔl/

• in fact

/ɪn fækt/

---

Summarizing / Concluding

• in summary

/ɪn ˈsʌməri/

• in conclusion

/ɪn kənˈkluʒən/

• in short

/ɪn ʃɔrt/

• in brief

/ɪn brif/

• in essence

/ɪn ˈɛsəns/

• to summarize

/tə ˈsʌməˌraɪz/

• on balance

/ɑn ˈbæləns/

---

Overall Scope / Degree

• altogether

/ˌɔltəˈɡɛðɚ/

• overall

/ˌoʊvɚˈɔl/

• ordinarily

/ˌɔrdəˈnɛrəli/

• usually

/ˈjuʒuəli/

• by and large

/baɪ ən lɑrdʒ/

---

Final Wrap-Up / Perspective

• to sum up

/tə sʌm ʌp/

• on the whole

/ɑn ðə hoʊl/

• in any event

/ɪn ˈɛni ɪˌvɛnt/

• in either case

/ɪn ˈiðɚ keɪs/

• all in all

/ɔl ɪn ɔl/

---

Stance / Certainty

• obviously

/ˈɑbviəsli/

• ultimately

/ˈʌltɪmətli/

• definitely

/ˈdɛfənətli/

---

Используйте в речи редуцирование слов:

to - /tə/

for - /fɚ/

and - /ən/

Выделяйте тоном ключевое слово (существительное или глагол).

Для заключений используйте падающую интонацию.

Effect / Consequence / Result

Cause - Result / Logical Consequence

• as a result

/æz ə rɪˈzʌlt/

• under those circumstances

/ˈʌndɚ ðoʊz ˈsɝkəmˌstænsɪz/

• in that case

/ɪn ðæt keɪs/

• for this reason

/fɚ ðɪs ˈrizən/

• in effect

/ɪn ɪˈfɛkt/

---

Simple Connectors (Highly Reduced in Speech)

• for

/fɚ/ (stressed: /fɔr/)

• thus

/ðʌs/

• because the

/bɪˈkʌz ðə/

• then

/ðɛn/

• hence

/hɛns/

---

Formal / Academic Transitions

• consequently

/ˈkɑnsəˌkwɛntli/

• therefore

/ˈðɛrˌfɔr/

• thereupon

/ˌðɛr.əˈpɑn/

• forthwith

/ˈfɔrθˌwɪð/

• accordingly

/əˈkɔrdɪŋli/

• henceforth

/ˈhɛnsˌfɔrθ/

---

В разговорной речи используйте:

• so, then, because

В презентациях, в письме используйте:

• therefore, accordingly, consequently

Examples / Support / Emphasis

В фонетической транскрипции используется обычная для речи редукция, например:

 to - /tə/

 of - /əv/

---

 Reformulation / Clarification

• in other words

/ɪn ˈʌðɚ wɝdz/

• to put it differently

/tə pʊt ɪt ˈdɪfɚəntli/

• for one thing

/fɔr wʌn θɪŋ/

• as an illustration

/æz ən ˌɪləˈstreɪʃən/

• in this case

/ɪn ðɪs keɪs/

• for this reason

/fɔr ðɪs ˈrizən/

• to put it another way

/tə pʊt ɪt əˈnʌðɚ weɪ/

• that is to say

/ðæt ɪz tə seɪ/

• with attention to

/wɪð əˈtɛnʃən tə/

• by all means

/baɪ ɔl minz/

---

Emphasis / Importance

• important to realize

/ɪmˈpɔrtənt tə ˈrilaɪz/

• another key point

/əˈnʌðɚ ki pɔɪnt/

• first thing to remember

/fɝst θɪŋ tə rɪˈmɛmbɚ/

• most compelling evidence

/moʊst kəmˈpɛlɪŋ ˈɛvɪdəns/

• must be remembered

/mʌst bi rɪˈmɛmbɚd/

• point often overlooked

/pɔɪnt ˈɔfən ˌoʊvɚˈlʊkt/

• to point out

/tə pɔɪnt aʊt/

---

Contrast / Framing

• on the positive side

/ɑn ðə ˈpɑzətɪv saɪd/

• on the negative side

/ɑn ðə ˈnɛɡətɪv saɪd/

• with this in mind

/wɪð ðɪs ɪn maɪnd/

---

Focus / Scope

• notably

/ˈnoʊtəbli/

• including

/ɪnˈkludɪŋ/

• like

/laɪk/

• to be sure

/tə bi ʃʊr/

• namely

/ˈneɪmli/

• chiefly

/ˈtʃifli/

---

Stance / Certainty

• truly

/ˈtruli/

• indeed

/ɪnˈdid/

• certainly

/ˈsɝtənli/

• surely

/ˈʃʊrli/

• markedly

/ˈmɑrkɪdli/

• such as

/sʌtʃ æz/

---

Precision / Manner

• especially

/ɪˈspɛʃəli/

• explicitly

/ɪkˈsplɪsɪtli/

• specifically

/spəˈsɪfɪkli/

• expressly

/ɪkˈsprɛsli/

• surprisingly

/sɚˈpraɪzɪŋli/

---

Frequency / Degree

• frequently

/ˈfrikwəntli/

• significantly

/sɪɡˈnɪfɪkəntli/

• particularly

/pɚˈtɪkjəlɚli/

---

Generalization / Detail

• in fact

/ɪn fækt/

• in general

/ɪn ˈdʒɛnɚəl/

• in particular

/ɪn pɚˈtɪkjəlɚ/

• in detail

/ɪn ˈdiˌteɪl/

---

Examples / Support

• for example

/fɔr ɪɡˈzæmpəl/

• for instance

/fɔr ˈɪnstəns/

---

Discourse Functions

• to demonstrate

/tə ˈdɛmənˌstreɪt/

• to emphasize

/tə ˈɛmfəˌsaɪz/

• to repeat

/tə rɪˈpit/

• to clarify

/tə ˈklærəˌfaɪ/

• to explain

/tə ɪkˈspleɪn/

• to enumerate

/tə ɪˈnumɚˌeɪt/