Space / Location / Place

 Position / Location Phrases

• in the middle

/ɪn ðə ˈmɪdəl/

• to the left

/tə ðə lɛft

• to the right

/tə ðə raɪt/

• in front of

/ɪn frʌnt əv/

• on this side

/ɑn ðɪs saɪd/

• in the distance

/ɪn ðə ˈdɪstəns/

• here and there

/hɪr ən ðɛr/

• in the foreground

/ɪn ðə ˈfɔrˌɡraʊnd/

• in the background

/ɪn ðə ˈbækˌɡraʊnd/

• in the center of

/ɪn ðə ˈsɛntɚ əv/

---

Prepositional / Spatial Relations

• adjacent to

/əˈdʒeɪsənt tə/

• opposite to

/ˈɑpəzɪt tə/

---

Direction Words

• here

/hɪr/

• there

/ðɛr/

• next

/nɛkst/

• where

/wɛr/

• from

/frəm/

• over

/ˈoʊvɚ/

• near

/nɪr/

• above

/əˈbʌv/

• below

/bɪˈloʊ/

• down

/daʊn/

• up

/ʌp/

• under

/ˈʌndɚ/

• further

/ˈfɝðɚ/

• beyond

/bɪˈjɑnd/

• nearby

/ˈnɪrˌbaɪ/

---

Range / Distribution

• wherever

/wɛrˈɛvɚ/

• around

/əˈraʊnd/

• between

/bɪˈtwin/

• before

/bɪˈfɔr/

• alongside

/əˈlɔŋˌsaɪd/

---

Formal / Descriptive Location

• amid

/əˈmɪd/

• among

/əˈmʌŋ/

• beneath

/bɪˈniθ/

• beside

/bɪˈsaɪd/

• behind

/bɪˈhaɪnd/

• across

/əˈkrɔs/

Time / Chronology / Sequence

Time Reference / Frequency

• at the present time

/æt ðə ˈprɛzənt taɪm/

• from time to time

/frəm taɪm tə taɪm/

• sooner or later

/ˈsunɚ ɔr ˈleɪtɚ/

• at the same time

/æt ðə seɪm taɪm/

• up to the present time

/ʌp tə ðə ˈprɛzənt taɪm/

---

Sequence / Order

• to begin with

/tə bɪˈɡɪn wɪð/

• in due time

/ɪn du taɪm/

• as soon as

/æz sun æz/

• as long as

/æz lɔŋ æz/

• in the meantime

/ɪn ðə ˈminˌtaɪm/

• in a moment

/ɪn ə ˈmoʊmənt/

• without delay

/wɪˈðaʊt dɪˈleɪ/

---

Emphasis / Framing

• in the first place

/ɪn ðə fɝst pleɪs/

• all of a sudden

/ɔl əv ə ˈsʌdən/

• at this instant

/æt ðɪs ˈɪnstənt/

• first, second

/fɝst, ˈsɛkənd/

---

Speed / Immediacy

• immediately

/ɪˈmidiətli/

• quickly

/ˈkwɪkli/

• finally

/ˈfaɪnəli/

---

Simple Time Markers

• after

/ˈæftɚ/

• later

/ˈleɪtɚ/

• last

/læst/

• until

/ənˈtɪl/

• till

/tɪl/

• since

/sɪns/

• then

/ðɛn/

• before

/bɪˈfɔr/

• hence

/hɛns/

• when

/wɛn/

• once

/wʌns/

• about

/əˈbaʊt/

• next

/nɛkst/

• now

/naʊ/

• formerly

/ˈfɔrmɚli/

• suddenly

/ˈsʌdənli/

• shortly

/ˈʃɔrtli/

• henceforth

/ˈhɛnsˌfɔrθ/

---

Repetition / Duration

• whenever

/wɛnˈɛvɚ/

• eventually

/ɪˈvɛntʃuəli/

• meanwhile

/ˈminˌwaɪl/

• further

/ˈfɝðɚ/

• during

/ˈdʊrɪŋ/

• in time

/ɪn taɪm/

• prior to

/ˈpraɪɚ tə/

---

Formal / Immediate Action

• forthwith

/ˈfɔrθˌwɪð/

• straightaway

/ˈstreɪt̬əˌweɪ/

• by the time

/baɪ ðə taɪm/

---

Present / Recent Time

• until now

/ənˈtɪl naʊ/

• now that

/naʊ ðæt/

• instantly

/ˈɪnstəntli/

• presently

/ˈprɛzəntli/

• occasionally

/əˈkeɪʒənəli/

Conclusion / Summary / Restatement

 General Observation / Evaluation

• as can be seen

/æz kən bi sin/

• generally speaking

/ˈdʒɛnɚəli ˈspikɪŋ/

• in the final analysis

/ɪn ðə ˈfaɪnəl əˈnæləsɪs/

• all things considered

/ɔl θɪŋz kənˈsɪdɚd/

• as shown above

/æz ʃoʊn əˈbʌv/

• in the long run

/ɪn ðə lɔŋ rʌn/

• given these points

/ˈɡɪvən ðiz pɔɪnts/

• as has been noted

/æz hæz bɪn ˈnoʊtɪd/

• in a word

/ɪn ə wɝd/

• for the most part

/fɚ ðə moʊst pɑrt/

---

Emphasis / Reframing

• after all

/ˈæftɚ ɔl/

• in fact

/ɪn fækt/

---

Summarizing / Concluding

• in summary

/ɪn ˈsʌməri/

• in conclusion

/ɪn kənˈkluʒən/

• in short

/ɪn ʃɔrt/

• in brief

/ɪn brif/

• in essence

/ɪn ˈɛsəns/

• to summarize

/tə ˈsʌməˌraɪz/

• on balance

/ɑn ˈbæləns/

---

Overall Scope / Degree

• altogether

/ˌɔltəˈɡɛðɚ/

• overall

/ˌoʊvɚˈɔl/

• ordinarily

/ˌɔrdəˈnɛrəli/

• usually

/ˈjuʒuəli/

• by and large

/baɪ ən lɑrdʒ/

---

Final Wrap-Up / Perspective

• to sum up

/tə sʌm ʌp/

• on the whole

/ɑn ðə hoʊl/

• in any event

/ɪn ˈɛni ɪˌvɛnt/

• in either case

/ɪn ˈiðɚ keɪs/

• all in all

/ɔl ɪn ɔl/

---

Stance / Certainty

• obviously

/ˈɑbviəsli/

• ultimately

/ˈʌltɪmətli/

• definitely

/ˈdɛfənətli/

---

Используйте в речи редуцирование слов:

to - /tə/

for - /fɚ/

and - /ən/

Выделяйте тоном ключевое слово (существительное или глагол).

Для заключений используйте падающую интонацию.

Effect / Consequence / Result

Cause - Result / Logical Consequence

• as a result

/æz ə rɪˈzʌlt/

• under those circumstances

/ˈʌndɚ ðoʊz ˈsɝkəmˌstænsɪz/

• in that case

/ɪn ðæt keɪs/

• for this reason

/fɚ ðɪs ˈrizən/

• in effect

/ɪn ɪˈfɛkt/

---

Simple Connectors (Highly Reduced in Speech)

• for

/fɚ/ (stressed: /fɔr/)

• thus

/ðʌs/

• because the

/bɪˈkʌz ðə/

• then

/ðɛn/

• hence

/hɛns/

---

Formal / Academic Transitions

• consequently

/ˈkɑnsəˌkwɛntli/

• therefore

/ˈðɛrˌfɔr/

• thereupon

/ˌðɛr.əˈpɑn/

• forthwith

/ˈfɔrθˌwɪð/

• accordingly

/əˈkɔrdɪŋli/

• henceforth

/ˈhɛnsˌfɔrθ/

---

В разговорной речи используйте:

• so, then, because

В презентациях, в письме используйте:

• therefore, accordingly, consequently

Examples / Support / Emphasis

В фонетической транскрипции используется обычная для речи редукция, например:

 to - /tə/

 of - /əv/

---

 Reformulation / Clarification

• in other words

/ɪn ˈʌðɚ wɝdz/

• to put it differently

/tə pʊt ɪt ˈdɪfɚəntli/

• for one thing

/fɔr wʌn θɪŋ/

• as an illustration

/æz ən ˌɪləˈstreɪʃən/

• in this case

/ɪn ðɪs keɪs/

• for this reason

/fɔr ðɪs ˈrizən/

• to put it another way

/tə pʊt ɪt əˈnʌðɚ weɪ/

• that is to say

/ðæt ɪz tə seɪ/

• with attention to

/wɪð əˈtɛnʃən tə/

• by all means

/baɪ ɔl minz/

---

Emphasis / Importance

• important to realize

/ɪmˈpɔrtənt tə ˈrilaɪz/

• another key point

/əˈnʌðɚ ki pɔɪnt/

• first thing to remember

/fɝst θɪŋ tə rɪˈmɛmbɚ/

• most compelling evidence

/moʊst kəmˈpɛlɪŋ ˈɛvɪdəns/

• must be remembered

/mʌst bi rɪˈmɛmbɚd/

• point often overlooked

/pɔɪnt ˈɔfən ˌoʊvɚˈlʊkt/

• to point out

/tə pɔɪnt aʊt/

---

Contrast / Framing

• on the positive side

/ɑn ðə ˈpɑzətɪv saɪd/

• on the negative side

/ɑn ðə ˈnɛɡətɪv saɪd/

• with this in mind

/wɪð ðɪs ɪn maɪnd/

---

Focus / Scope

• notably

/ˈnoʊtəbli/

• including

/ɪnˈkludɪŋ/

• like

/laɪk/

• to be sure

/tə bi ʃʊr/

• namely

/ˈneɪmli/

• chiefly

/ˈtʃifli/

---

Stance / Certainty

• truly

/ˈtruli/

• indeed

/ɪnˈdid/

• certainly

/ˈsɝtənli/

• surely

/ˈʃʊrli/

• markedly

/ˈmɑrkɪdli/

• such as

/sʌtʃ æz/

---

Precision / Manner

• especially

/ɪˈspɛʃəli/

• explicitly

/ɪkˈsplɪsɪtli/

• specifically

/spəˈsɪfɪkli/

• expressly

/ɪkˈsprɛsli/

• surprisingly

/sɚˈpraɪzɪŋli/

---

Frequency / Degree

• frequently

/ˈfrikwəntli/

• significantly

/sɪɡˈnɪfɪkəntli/

• particularly

/pɚˈtɪkjəlɚli/

---

Generalization / Detail

• in fact

/ɪn fækt/

• in general

/ɪn ˈdʒɛnɚəl/

• in particular

/ɪn pɚˈtɪkjəlɚ/

• in detail

/ɪn ˈdiˌteɪl/

---

Examples / Support

• for example

/fɔr ɪɡˈzæmpəl/

• for instance

/fɔr ˈɪnstəns/

---

Discourse Functions

• to demonstrate

/tə ˈdɛmənˌstreɪt/

• to emphasize

/tə ˈɛmfəˌsaɪz/

• to repeat

/tə rɪˈpit/

• to clarify

/tə ˈklærəˌfaɪ/

• to explain

/tə ɪkˈspleɪn/

• to enumerate

/tə ɪˈnumɚˌeɪt/

Cause / Condition / Purpose

• in the event that

/ɪn ði ɪˈvɛnt ðæt/

• granted (that)

/ˈɡrænɪd (ðæt)/

• as / so long as

/æz/ or /soʊ lɔŋ æz/

• on (the) condition (that)

/ɑn (ðə) kənˈdɪʃən (ðæt)/

• for the purpose of

/fɚ ðə ˈpɝpəs əv/

• with this intention

/wɪð ðɪs ɪnˈtɛnʃən/

• with this in mind

/wɪð ðɪs ɪn maɪnd/

• in the hope that

/ɪn ðə hoʊp ðæt/

• to the end that

/tə ði ɛnd ðæt/

• for fear that

/fɚ fɪr ðæt/

• in order to

/ɪn ˈɔrdɚ tə/

• seeing / being that

/ˈsiɪŋ ðæt/ or /ˈbiɪŋ ðæt/

• in view of

/ɪn vju əv/

• if

/ɪf/

• … then

/ðɛn/

• unless

/ənˈlɛs/

• when

/wɛn/

• whenever

/wɛnˈɛvɚ/

• while

/waɪl/

• because of

/bɪˈkʌz əv/

• as

/æz/ or weak /əz/

• since

/sɪns/

• while (cause/contrast)

/waɪl/

• lest

/lɛst/

• in case

/ɪn keɪs/

• provided that

/prəˈvaɪdɪd ðæt/

• given that

/ˈɡɪvən ðæt/

• only / even if

/ˈoʊnli ɪf/

/ˈivən ɪf/

• so that

/soʊ ðæt/

• so as to

/soʊ æz tə/

• owing to

/ˈoʊɪŋ tu/

• due to

/du tu/

Opposition / Limitation / Contradiction

Concession & Contrast Phrases

• although this may be true

/ɔlˈðoʊ ðɪs meɪ bi tru/

• in contrast

/ɪn ˈkɑntræst/

• different from

/ˈdɪfrənt frəm/

• of course, but

/əv kɔrs, bət/

• on the other hand

/ɑn ði ˈʌðər hænd/

• on the contrary

/ɑn ðə ˈkɑntrɛri/

• at the same time

/æt ðə seɪm taɪm/

• in spite of

/ɪn spaɪt əv/

• even so

/ˈivən soʊ/

• even though

/ˈivən ðoʊ/

• be that as it may

/bi ðæt æz ɪt meɪ/

• then again

/ðɛn əˈɡɛn/ or /ðɛn əˈɡeɪn/

• above all

/əˈbʌv ɔl/

• in reality

/ɪn riˈæləɾi/

• after all

/ˈæftər ɔl/

________________________________________

Single-Word or Short Contrast Markers

• but

/bət/ (strong: /bʌt/)

• (and) still

/(ænd) stɪl/ - often: /(ən) stɪl/

• unlike

/ʌnˈlaɪk/

or

/ɔr/ - weak: /ər/

• (and) yet

/(ænd) jɛt/ - often: /(ən) jɛt/

• while (meaning "whereas")

/waɪl/

• albeit

/ɔlˈbit/ or /ælˈbit/ (both heard in AmE)

• besides

/bɪˈsaɪdz/

• as much as

/æz mʌtʃ æz/ - often: /əz mʌtʃ əz/

• although

/ɔlˈðoʊ/

• instead

/ɪnˈstɛd/

• whereas

/wɛrˈæz/ or /wɛrˈæʒ/

• despite

/dɪˈspaɪt/

• conversely

/kənˈvɝsli/

• otherwise

/ˈʌðərwaɪz/

• however

/haʊˈɛvər/

• rather

/ˈræðər/

• nevertheless

/ˌnɛvərðəˈlɛs/

• nonetheless

/ˌnʌnðəˈlɛs/

• regardless

/rɪˈɡɑrdləs/

• notwithstanding

/ˌnɑtwɪθˈstændɪŋ/

________________________________________

Reduction Notes (Very Important for Fluency)

Common weak forms in these transitions:

of - /əv/

to - /tə/

and - /ən/

as - /əz/

or - /ər/ (before consonants)

as much as - /əz mʌtʃ əz/

in spite of - /ɪn spaɪt əv/

Contrast transitions usually carry strong sentence stress and are followed by a pause:

However, /haʊˈɛvər/ -> falling tone

On the other hand, /ɑn ði ˈʌðər hænd/ -> rising -> falling

Agreement / Addition / Similarity

Multi-word Transitions & Phrases

• in the first place

/ɪn ðə fɝst pleɪs/

• not only … but also

/nɑt ˈoʊnli … bət ˈɔlsoʊ/

• as a matter of fact

/æz ə ˈmæɾər əv fækt/

• in like manner

/ɪn laɪk ˈmænər/

• in addition

/ɪn əˈdɪʃən/

• coupled with

/ˈkʌpəld wɪθ/

• in the same fashion

/ɪn ðə seɪm ˈfæʃən/

• in the same way

/ɪn ðə seɪm weɪ/

• in the light of

/ɪn ðə laɪt əv/

• not to mention

/nɑt tə ˈmɛnʃən/

• to say nothing of

/tə seɪ ˈnʌθɪŋ əv/

• equally important

/ˈikwəli ɪmˈpɔrtənt/

• by the same token

/baɪ ðə seɪm ˈtoʊkən/

• as well as

/æz wɛl æz/ - often reduced: /əz wɛl əz/

• together with

/təˈɡɛðər wɪθ/

• of course

/əv kɔrs/

________________________________________

Sequencing Words

• first

/fɝst/

• second

/ˈsɛkənd/

• third

/θɝd/

• again

/əˈɡɛn/ or /əˈɡeɪn/ (both common in AmE)

• then

/ðɛn/

________________________________________

Single-Word Additive / Comparative Transitions

• and

/ænd/ - weak form: /ən/

• also

/ˈɔlsoʊ/

• equally

/ˈikwəli/

• identically

/aɪˈdɛntɪkli/

• uniquely

/juˈnikli/

• like

/laɪk/

• as

/æz/ - weak: /əz/

• too

/tu/

• moreover

/mɔrˈoʊvər/

• likewise

/ˈlaɪkwaɪz/

• comparatively

/kəmˈpærətɪvli/

• correspondingly

/ˌkɔrəˈspɑndɪŋli/

• similarly

/ˈsɪmələrli/ or /ˈsɪmɪlərli/

• furthermore

/ˈfɝðərˌmɔr/

• additionally

/əˈdɪʃənəli/

________________________________________

Very Common Reduced Forms (Important for Fluency)

• to

/tu/ - weak form: /tə/

• of

/ʌv/ - weak form: /əv/

• and

/ænd/ - /ən/

• as

/æz/ - /əz/

Эти сокращения необходимы для естественного американского ритма.

В большинстве переходных фраз акцент делается на главном составляющем слова:

in adDItion

furtherMORE

moreOver

FIRST, SECond, THIRD

Звук /ə/ (шва ) есть почти в каждой фразе при естественном темпе и ритме американской речи.

Слова of, to, a, the, -er, -en почти всегда приобретают звук /ə/:

matter of - /əv/

in the same - /ðə/

* в фонетической транскрипции использовался символ /ɾ/ - Flap T