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Can Mark Zuckerberg Fix Facebook Before It Breaks Democracy?

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Если заболели

Illness

---

• Sorry I’ve come down with a bad cold so won’t be there today. Apologies.

Как отвечать на работе если не знаете ответа на вопрос

Not knowing the answers

---

I don’t know

Лучше ответить например, одной из следующих фраз:

• I don’t know, but I’ll find out.

/ aɪ doʊnt noʊ | bət aɪl faɪnd aʊt /

• I don’t know, off the top of my head, but I’ll check.

/ aɪ doʊnt noʊ | ɔf ðə tɑp əv maɪ hɛd | bət aɪl tʃɛk /

• I’m not a 100% sure, let me get back to you.

/ aɪm nɑt wʌn ˈhʌndrəd pərˈsɛnt ʃʊr | lɛt mi ɡɛt bæk tə ju /

David Bowie- Space Oddity Original Video (1969)

[Instrumental intro]

[Verse 1]
Ground Control to Major Tom
Ground Control to Major Tom
Take your protein pills
And put your helmet on
(10) Ground Control (9) to Major Tom (8)
(7, 6) Commencing (5) countdown
Engines on (4, 3, 2)
Check ignition (1)
And may God's love (Liftoff) be with you

[Instrumental Bridge]

[Verse 2]
This is Ground Control to Major Tom
You've really made the grade
And the papers want to know whose shirt you wear
Now it's time to leave the capsule if you dare
This is Major Tom to Ground Control
I'm stepping through the door
And I'm floating in a most peculiar way
And the stars look very different today

[Chorus]
For here am I sitting in a tin can
Far above the world
Planet Earth is blue
And there's nothing I can do


[Verse 3]
Though I'm past one hundred thousand miles
I'm feeling very still
And I think my spaceship knows which way to go
Tell my wife I love her very much
She knows
Ground Control to Major Tom
Your circuit's dead, there's something wrong
Can you hear me, Major Tom?
Can you hear me, Major Tom?
Can you hear me, Major Tom?
Can you....

[Chorus]
Here am I floating 'round my tin can
Far above the Moon
Planet Earth is blue
And there's nothing I can do

[Instrumental outro]

Space / Location / Place

 Position / Location Phrases

• in the middle

/ɪn ðə ˈmɪdəl/

• to the left

/tə ðə lɛft

• to the right

/tə ðə raɪt/

• in front of

/ɪn frʌnt əv/

• on this side

/ɑn ðɪs saɪd/

• in the distance

/ɪn ðə ˈdɪstəns/

• here and there

/hɪr ən ðɛr/

• in the foreground

/ɪn ðə ˈfɔrˌɡraʊnd/

• in the background

/ɪn ðə ˈbækˌɡraʊnd/

• in the center of

/ɪn ðə ˈsɛntɚ əv/

---

Prepositional / Spatial Relations

• adjacent to

/əˈdʒeɪsənt tə/

• opposite to

/ˈɑpəzɪt tə/

---

Direction Words

• here

/hɪr/

• there

/ðɛr/

• next

/nɛkst/

• where

/wɛr/

• from

/frəm/

• over

/ˈoʊvɚ/

• near

/nɪr/

• above

/əˈbʌv/

• below

/bɪˈloʊ/

• down

/daʊn/

• up

/ʌp/

• under

/ˈʌndɚ/

• further

/ˈfɝðɚ/

• beyond

/bɪˈjɑnd/

• nearby

/ˈnɪrˌbaɪ/

---

Range / Distribution

• wherever

/wɛrˈɛvɚ/

• around

/əˈraʊnd/

• between

/bɪˈtwin/

• before

/bɪˈfɔr/

• alongside

/əˈlɔŋˌsaɪd/

---

Formal / Descriptive Location

• amid

/əˈmɪd/

• among

/əˈmʌŋ/

• beneath

/bɪˈniθ/

• beside

/bɪˈsaɪd/

• behind

/bɪˈhaɪnd/

• across

/əˈkrɔs/

Time / Chronology / Sequence

Time Reference / Frequency

• at the present time

/æt ðə ˈprɛzənt taɪm/

• from time to time

/frəm taɪm tə taɪm/

• sooner or later

/ˈsunɚ ɔr ˈleɪtɚ/

• at the same time

/æt ðə seɪm taɪm/

• up to the present time

/ʌp tə ðə ˈprɛzənt taɪm/

---

Sequence / Order

• to begin with

/tə bɪˈɡɪn wɪð/

• in due time

/ɪn du taɪm/

• as soon as

/æz sun æz/

• as long as

/æz lɔŋ æz/

• in the meantime

/ɪn ðə ˈminˌtaɪm/

• in a moment

/ɪn ə ˈmoʊmənt/

• without delay

/wɪˈðaʊt dɪˈleɪ/

---

Emphasis / Framing

• in the first place

/ɪn ðə fɝst pleɪs/

• all of a sudden

/ɔl əv ə ˈsʌdən/

• at this instant

/æt ðɪs ˈɪnstənt/

• first, second

/fɝst, ˈsɛkənd/

---

Speed / Immediacy

• immediately

/ɪˈmidiətli/

• quickly

/ˈkwɪkli/

• finally

/ˈfaɪnəli/

---

Simple Time Markers

• after

/ˈæftɚ/

• later

/ˈleɪtɚ/

• last

/læst/

• until

/ənˈtɪl/

• till

/tɪl/

• since

/sɪns/

• then

/ðɛn/

• before

/bɪˈfɔr/

• hence

/hɛns/

• when

/wɛn/

• once

/wʌns/

• about

/əˈbaʊt/

• next

/nɛkst/

• now

/naʊ/

• formerly

/ˈfɔrmɚli/

• suddenly

/ˈsʌdənli/

• shortly

/ˈʃɔrtli/

• henceforth

/ˈhɛnsˌfɔrθ/

---

Repetition / Duration

• whenever

/wɛnˈɛvɚ/

• eventually

/ɪˈvɛntʃuəli/

• meanwhile

/ˈminˌwaɪl/

• further

/ˈfɝðɚ/

• during

/ˈdʊrɪŋ/

• in time

/ɪn taɪm/

• prior to

/ˈpraɪɚ tə/

---

Formal / Immediate Action

• forthwith

/ˈfɔrθˌwɪð/

• straightaway

/ˈstreɪt̬əˌweɪ/

• by the time

/baɪ ðə taɪm/

---

Present / Recent Time

• until now

/ənˈtɪl naʊ/

• now that

/naʊ ðæt/

• instantly

/ˈɪnstəntli/

• presently

/ˈprɛzəntli/

• occasionally

/əˈkeɪʒənəli/

Conclusion / Summary / Restatement

 General Observation / Evaluation

• as can be seen

/æz kən bi sin/

• generally speaking

/ˈdʒɛnɚəli ˈspikɪŋ/

• in the final analysis

/ɪn ðə ˈfaɪnəl əˈnæləsɪs/

• all things considered

/ɔl θɪŋz kənˈsɪdɚd/

• as shown above

/æz ʃoʊn əˈbʌv/

• in the long run

/ɪn ðə lɔŋ rʌn/

• given these points

/ˈɡɪvən ðiz pɔɪnts/

• as has been noted

/æz hæz bɪn ˈnoʊtɪd/

• in a word

/ɪn ə wɝd/

• for the most part

/fɚ ðə moʊst pɑrt/

---

Emphasis / Reframing

• after all

/ˈæftɚ ɔl/

• in fact

/ɪn fækt/

---

Summarizing / Concluding

• in summary

/ɪn ˈsʌməri/

• in conclusion

/ɪn kənˈkluʒən/

• in short

/ɪn ʃɔrt/

• in brief

/ɪn brif/

• in essence

/ɪn ˈɛsəns/

• to summarize

/tə ˈsʌməˌraɪz/

• on balance

/ɑn ˈbæləns/

---

Overall Scope / Degree

• altogether

/ˌɔltəˈɡɛðɚ/

• overall

/ˌoʊvɚˈɔl/

• ordinarily

/ˌɔrdəˈnɛrəli/

• usually

/ˈjuʒuəli/

• by and large

/baɪ ən lɑrdʒ/

---

Final Wrap-Up / Perspective

• to sum up

/tə sʌm ʌp/

• on the whole

/ɑn ðə hoʊl/

• in any event

/ɪn ˈɛni ɪˌvɛnt/

• in either case

/ɪn ˈiðɚ keɪs/

• all in all

/ɔl ɪn ɔl/

---

Stance / Certainty

• obviously

/ˈɑbviəsli/

• ultimately

/ˈʌltɪmətli/

• definitely

/ˈdɛfənətli/

---

Используйте в речи редуцирование слов:

to - /tə/

for - /fɚ/

and - /ən/

Выделяйте тоном ключевое слово (существительное или глагол).

Для заключений используйте падающую интонацию.

Effect / Consequence / Result

Cause - Result / Logical Consequence

• as a result

/æz ə rɪˈzʌlt/

• under those circumstances

/ˈʌndɚ ðoʊz ˈsɝkəmˌstænsɪz/

• in that case

/ɪn ðæt keɪs/

• for this reason

/fɚ ðɪs ˈrizən/

• in effect

/ɪn ɪˈfɛkt/

---

Simple Connectors (Highly Reduced in Speech)

• for

/fɚ/ (stressed: /fɔr/)

• thus

/ðʌs/

• because the

/bɪˈkʌz ðə/

• then

/ðɛn/

• hence

/hɛns/

---

Formal / Academic Transitions

• consequently

/ˈkɑnsəˌkwɛntli/

• therefore

/ˈðɛrˌfɔr/

• thereupon

/ˌðɛr.əˈpɑn/

• forthwith

/ˈfɔrθˌwɪð/

• accordingly

/əˈkɔrdɪŋli/

• henceforth

/ˈhɛnsˌfɔrθ/

---

В разговорной речи используйте:

• so, then, because

В презентациях, в письме используйте:

• therefore, accordingly, consequently

Examples / Support / Emphasis

В фонетической транскрипции используется обычная для речи редукция, например:

 to - /tə/

 of - /əv/

---

 Reformulation / Clarification

• in other words

/ɪn ˈʌðɚ wɝdz/

• to put it differently

/tə pʊt ɪt ˈdɪfɚəntli/

• for one thing

/fɔr wʌn θɪŋ/

• as an illustration

/æz ən ˌɪləˈstreɪʃən/

• in this case

/ɪn ðɪs keɪs/

• for this reason

/fɔr ðɪs ˈrizən/

• to put it another way

/tə pʊt ɪt əˈnʌðɚ weɪ/

• that is to say

/ðæt ɪz tə seɪ/

• with attention to

/wɪð əˈtɛnʃən tə/

• by all means

/baɪ ɔl minz/

---

Emphasis / Importance

• important to realize

/ɪmˈpɔrtənt tə ˈrilaɪz/

• another key point

/əˈnʌðɚ ki pɔɪnt/

• first thing to remember

/fɝst θɪŋ tə rɪˈmɛmbɚ/

• most compelling evidence

/moʊst kəmˈpɛlɪŋ ˈɛvɪdəns/

• must be remembered

/mʌst bi rɪˈmɛmbɚd/

• point often overlooked

/pɔɪnt ˈɔfən ˌoʊvɚˈlʊkt/

• to point out

/tə pɔɪnt aʊt/

---

Contrast / Framing

• on the positive side

/ɑn ðə ˈpɑzətɪv saɪd/

• on the negative side

/ɑn ðə ˈnɛɡətɪv saɪd/

• with this in mind

/wɪð ðɪs ɪn maɪnd/

---

Focus / Scope

• notably

/ˈnoʊtəbli/

• including

/ɪnˈkludɪŋ/

• like

/laɪk/

• to be sure

/tə bi ʃʊr/

• namely

/ˈneɪmli/

• chiefly

/ˈtʃifli/

---

Stance / Certainty

• truly

/ˈtruli/

• indeed

/ɪnˈdid/

• certainly

/ˈsɝtənli/

• surely

/ˈʃʊrli/

• markedly

/ˈmɑrkɪdli/

• such as

/sʌtʃ æz/

---

Precision / Manner

• especially

/ɪˈspɛʃəli/

• explicitly

/ɪkˈsplɪsɪtli/

• specifically

/spəˈsɪfɪkli/

• expressly

/ɪkˈsprɛsli/

• surprisingly

/sɚˈpraɪzɪŋli/

---

Frequency / Degree

• frequently

/ˈfrikwəntli/

• significantly

/sɪɡˈnɪfɪkəntli/

• particularly

/pɚˈtɪkjəlɚli/

---

Generalization / Detail

• in fact

/ɪn fækt/

• in general

/ɪn ˈdʒɛnɚəl/

• in particular

/ɪn pɚˈtɪkjəlɚ/

• in detail

/ɪn ˈdiˌteɪl/

---

Examples / Support

• for example

/fɔr ɪɡˈzæmpəl/

• for instance

/fɔr ˈɪnstəns/

---

Discourse Functions

• to demonstrate

/tə ˈdɛmənˌstreɪt/

• to emphasize

/tə ˈɛmfəˌsaɪz/

• to repeat

/tə rɪˈpit/

• to clarify

/tə ˈklærəˌfaɪ/

• to explain

/tə ɪkˈspleɪn/

• to enumerate

/tə ɪˈnumɚˌeɪt/

Cause / Condition / Purpose

• in the event that

/ɪn ði ɪˈvɛnt ðæt/

• granted (that)

/ˈɡrænɪd (ðæt)/

• as / so long as

/æz/ or /soʊ lɔŋ æz/

• on (the) condition (that)

/ɑn (ðə) kənˈdɪʃən (ðæt)/

• for the purpose of

/fɚ ðə ˈpɝpəs əv/

• with this intention

/wɪð ðɪs ɪnˈtɛnʃən/

• with this in mind

/wɪð ðɪs ɪn maɪnd/

• in the hope that

/ɪn ðə hoʊp ðæt/

• to the end that

/tə ði ɛnd ðæt/

• for fear that

/fɚ fɪr ðæt/

• in order to

/ɪn ˈɔrdɚ tə/

• seeing / being that

/ˈsiɪŋ ðæt/ or /ˈbiɪŋ ðæt/

• in view of

/ɪn vju əv/

• if

/ɪf/

• … then

/ðɛn/

• unless

/ənˈlɛs/

• when

/wɛn/

• whenever

/wɛnˈɛvɚ/

• while

/waɪl/

• because of

/bɪˈkʌz əv/

• as

/æz/ or weak /əz/

• since

/sɪns/

• while (cause/contrast)

/waɪl/

• lest

/lɛst/

• in case

/ɪn keɪs/

• provided that

/prəˈvaɪdɪd ðæt/

• given that

/ˈɡɪvən ðæt/

• only / even if

/ˈoʊnli ɪf/

/ˈivən ɪf/

• so that

/soʊ ðæt/

• so as to

/soʊ æz tə/

• owing to

/ˈoʊɪŋ tu/

• due to

/du tu/

Opposition / Limitation / Contradiction

Concession & Contrast Phrases

• although this may be true

/ɔlˈðoʊ ðɪs meɪ bi tru/

• in contrast

/ɪn ˈkɑntræst/

• different from

/ˈdɪfrənt frəm/

• of course, but

/əv kɔrs, bət/

• on the other hand

/ɑn ði ˈʌðər hænd/

• on the contrary

/ɑn ðə ˈkɑntrɛri/

• at the same time

/æt ðə seɪm taɪm/

• in spite of

/ɪn spaɪt əv/

• even so

/ˈivən soʊ/

• even though

/ˈivən ðoʊ/

• be that as it may

/bi ðæt æz ɪt meɪ/

• then again

/ðɛn əˈɡɛn/ or /ðɛn əˈɡeɪn/

• above all

/əˈbʌv ɔl/

• in reality

/ɪn riˈæləɾi/

• after all

/ˈæftər ɔl/

________________________________________

Single-Word or Short Contrast Markers

• but

/bət/ (strong: /bʌt/)

• (and) still

/(ænd) stɪl/ - often: /(ən) stɪl/

• unlike

/ʌnˈlaɪk/

or

/ɔr/ - weak: /ər/

• (and) yet

/(ænd) jɛt/ - often: /(ən) jɛt/

• while (meaning "whereas")

/waɪl/

• albeit

/ɔlˈbit/ or /ælˈbit/ (both heard in AmE)

• besides

/bɪˈsaɪdz/

• as much as

/æz mʌtʃ æz/ - often: /əz mʌtʃ əz/

• although

/ɔlˈðoʊ/

• instead

/ɪnˈstɛd/

• whereas

/wɛrˈæz/ or /wɛrˈæʒ/

• despite

/dɪˈspaɪt/

• conversely

/kənˈvɝsli/

• otherwise

/ˈʌðərwaɪz/

• however

/haʊˈɛvər/

• rather

/ˈræðər/

• nevertheless

/ˌnɛvərðəˈlɛs/

• nonetheless

/ˌnʌnðəˈlɛs/

• regardless

/rɪˈɡɑrdləs/

• notwithstanding

/ˌnɑtwɪθˈstændɪŋ/

________________________________________

Reduction Notes (Very Important for Fluency)

Common weak forms in these transitions:

of - /əv/

to - /tə/

and - /ən/

as - /əz/

or - /ər/ (before consonants)

as much as - /əz mʌtʃ əz/

in spite of - /ɪn spaɪt əv/

Contrast transitions usually carry strong sentence stress and are followed by a pause:

However, /haʊˈɛvər/ -> falling tone

On the other hand, /ɑn ði ˈʌðər hænd/ -> rising -> falling

Agreement / Addition / Similarity

Multi-word Transitions & Phrases

• in the first place

/ɪn ðə fɝst pleɪs/

• not only … but also

/nɑt ˈoʊnli … bət ˈɔlsoʊ/

• as a matter of fact

/æz ə ˈmæɾər əv fækt/

• in like manner

/ɪn laɪk ˈmænər/

• in addition

/ɪn əˈdɪʃən/

• coupled with

/ˈkʌpəld wɪθ/

• in the same fashion

/ɪn ðə seɪm ˈfæʃən/

• in the same way

/ɪn ðə seɪm weɪ/

• in the light of

/ɪn ðə laɪt əv/

• not to mention

/nɑt tə ˈmɛnʃən/

• to say nothing of

/tə seɪ ˈnʌθɪŋ əv/

• equally important

/ˈikwəli ɪmˈpɔrtənt/

• by the same token

/baɪ ðə seɪm ˈtoʊkən/

• as well as

/æz wɛl æz/ - often reduced: /əz wɛl əz/

• together with

/təˈɡɛðər wɪθ/

• of course

/əv kɔrs/

________________________________________

Sequencing Words

• first

/fɝst/

• second

/ˈsɛkənd/

• third

/θɝd/

• again

/əˈɡɛn/ or /əˈɡeɪn/ (both common in AmE)

• then

/ðɛn/

________________________________________

Single-Word Additive / Comparative Transitions

• and

/ænd/ - weak form: /ən/

• also

/ˈɔlsoʊ/

• equally

/ˈikwəli/

• identically

/aɪˈdɛntɪkli/

• uniquely

/juˈnikli/

• like

/laɪk/

• as

/æz/ - weak: /əz/

• too

/tu/

• moreover

/mɔrˈoʊvər/

• likewise

/ˈlaɪkwaɪz/

• comparatively

/kəmˈpærətɪvli/

• correspondingly

/ˌkɔrəˈspɑndɪŋli/

• similarly

/ˈsɪmələrli/ or /ˈsɪmɪlərli/

• furthermore

/ˈfɝðərˌmɔr/

• additionally

/əˈdɪʃənəli/

________________________________________

Very Common Reduced Forms (Important for Fluency)

• to

/tu/ - weak form: /tə/

• of

/ʌv/ - weak form: /əv/

• and

/ænd/ - /ən/

• as

/æz/ - /əz/

Эти сокращения необходимы для естественного американского ритма.

В большинстве переходных фраз акцент делается на главном составляющем слова:

in adDItion

furtherMORE

moreOver

FIRST, SECond, THIRD

Звук /ə/ (шва ) есть почти в каждой фразе при естественном темпе и ритме американской речи.

Слова of, to, a, the, -er, -en почти всегда приобретают звук /ə/:

matter of - /əv/

in the same - /ðə/

* в фонетической транскрипции использовался символ /ɾ/ - Flap T